Metabolic Endotoxemia and Male Infertility

Abstract

Infertility affects 10-15% of couples of reproductive age. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), especially in younger populations, is a risk factor for fertility disorders. Obesity and high-fat diets disrupt gut mucosal barriers, leading to endotoxemia and systemic inflammation, which negatively impact male fertility. This review examines the relationship between MetS, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and male infertility. Studies show that high-fat diets increase gut permeability and endotoxin levels, impairing spermatogenesis and sperm motility. Probiotics and prebiotics have shown promise in improving gut barrier function, reducing endotoxemia, and enhancing sperm quality. Weight loss and dietary modifications also improve semen quality and reproductive hormones. There is a need for evidence-based preconception nutritional guidance for men. Further research is necessary to explore how diet impacts male reproductive function and to develop effective treatments for idiopathic male infertility using microbiota-targeted therapies.